Development and Validation of an Emotional Intelligence Test for Medical Students
Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies,
Page 37-47
DOI:
10.9734/ajess/2021/v17i330424
Abstract
Aims: Emotional intelligence is an important ability that has to be fostered among medical professionals. To foster an ability, it has to be assessed. The tests/tools already available are culture-sensitive and context-sensitive. Hence there is a need to develop a test to assess the emotional intelligence abilities of medical students. This paper describes a multiphase study in which an instrument was developed to assess the emotional intelligence of medical students.
Study Design: The study was done in four phases. The first three phases were to develop the instrument and establish its reliability and validity. The fourth phase was to demonstrate the predictive validity of the developed instrument.
Place and Duration of Study: A private teaching hospital in South India; Two years.
Methodology: In the first phase, the emotional challenges of medical students (n =55) were understood to develop the situations for the situational judgment tests. In the second phase, the instrument was developed with 38 items contributing to the constructs of EI. In the third phase, a pilot study was conducted, in which the developed tool was administered on a sample of 150 medical students. The data was used to verify the content validity, construct validity, internal consistency reliability (0.8), and predictive validity. In the fourth phase (n = 102) the test-retest reliability (with a ten-month interval between the tests) and the predictive validity (established by studying the association between EI measured with the tool and the academic performance of respondents) of the purified instrument were studied.
Results: A tool to assess the EI of medical students was developed. The tool demonstrated test-retest reliability (0.6) and predictive validity (r = 0.29; P < .01).
Conclusion: The tool would provide a premise for the development of training programs and their inclusion in the medical curriculum, which in turn would yield medical professionals who can deliver enhanced patient care. The study also showed the impact of EI on the academic achievement of medical students and hence their knowledge and skills will also be improved by including EI in their curriculum.
Keywords:
- Emotional intelligence test
- development
- validation
- medical students
- situational judgment test
How to Cite
Deepa, R., & Panicker, A. S. (2021). Development and Validation of an Emotional Intelligence Test for Medical Students. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 17(3), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2021/v17i330424
References
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Goleman D. Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books; 1995.
Krishnaveni R, Deepa R. Adaptation of emotional intelligence to indian context. ITMnAch. 2010;4(1):14-28.
Farmer J, Mistry M, Winchester M, Kumar A. Emotional Intelligence for Doctors. Sushruta J Health Policy and Opin. 2020; 3(2).
Epub 24.02.2020
DOI: 10.38192/13.1.8.
Webb AR, Young RA, Baumer JG. Emotional intelligence and the ACGME competencies. Journal of Graduate Medical Education. 2010;508-512.
Codier E, Kooker BM, Shoultz J. Measuring the emotional intelligence of clinical staff nurses: An approach for improving the clinical care environment. NursAdm Q. 2008;32(1):8–14.
Kadadi S, Bharamanaiker S. Role of emotional intelligence in healthcare industry. Drishtikon A Management Journal. 2020;11(1):37.
Tandon P, Chauhan RK, Chaturvedi V. Impact of emotional intelligence on healthcare on healthcare providers. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology. 2019;10(01):667-676.
Arora S, Ashrafian H, Davis R, Athanasiou T, Darzi A, Sevdalis N. Emotional intelligence in medicine: a systematic review through the context of the ACGME competencies. Med Educ. 2010;44(8):749–764.
Satterfield J, Swenson S, Rabow M. Emotional Intelligence in Internal Medicine Residents: Educational Implications for Clinical Performance and Burnout. Ann BehavSci Med Educ. 2009;14(2):65–68.
Stratton TD, Elam CL, Murphy-Spencer AE, Quinlivan SL. Emotional Intelligence and Clinical Skills: Preliminary Results from a Comprehensive Clinical Performance Examination. Acad Med. 2005; 80(Suppl, 10):S34–S37.
Blue AV, Chessman AW, Gilbert GE, Mainous AG 3rd. Responding to patients' emotions: important for standardized patient satisfaction Fam Med. 2000;32(5):326–330.
Gordon J. An exploratory study of the role of emotion regulation and emotional intelligence in compassion satisfaction and fatigue among doctors and nurses. Ph.D. thesis. Lancaster University; 2020.
Available:https://doiorg/1017635/lancaster/thesis/1124
Tiwari S, Bhagat G. The role of emotional intelligence on health care professionals occupational stress and burnout. International Journal of Current Research and Review; 2020.
Available:http://dxdoiorg/1031782/IJCRR2020122437
Harper R. Maintaining our Focus: Patient centered care in a changing Healthcare Environment Straatsma Award Lecture; 2011.
Accessed 25 June 2017.
Available:http://wwwaupoorg/AM2012Slides/Richard%20Harper_Maintaining%20Our%20Focus_Patient-centered%20Care%20in%20a%20Changing%20Health%20Care%20Environmentpdf
Syed A. Medical Schools and Emotional Intelligence Screening. The York Scholar. 2011;81:1-9.
Lewis N, Rees C, Hudson N, Bleakley A. Emotional intelligence in medical education: Measuring the unmeasurable? Advances in Health Science Education Theory and Practice. 2005;10:339-355.
McMullen B. Career focus Emotional intelligence. British Medical Journal. 2003;326: suppl.
Cherry MG, Fletcher I, O’Sullivan H, Shaw N. What impact do structural education sessions to increase emotional intelligence have on medical students? BEM Guide No 17. 2012;34(1):11-9.
Shanwal VK. Emotional intelligence: The Indian scenario New Delhi: Indian Publishers Distributors; 2004.
Singh D. Emotional Intelligence at Work – A professional Guide. New Delhi: Response Books; 2006.
Krishnaveni R, Ranganath D. Development and validation of an instrument for measuring the emotional intelligence of individuals in the work environment - In the Indian context. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment. 2011;7(2):94-118.
Srivatsava K, Joshi S, Raichaudhari A, Ryali VSSR, Bhatt PS, Shashikumar R, Prakash J, Basannar D. Emotional intelligence scale for medical students. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 2011;20(1):39-44.
Wang N, Young T, Wilhite CS, Marczyk G. Assessing Students' Emotional Competence in Higher Education: Development and Validation of the Widener Emotional Learning Scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. 2010; 29(1): 47-62
Krishnaveni R, Deepa R. Emergence and developments in the field of emotional intelligence - With special reference to organizational context. BVIMR Management Edge. 2012;5(2):7-17.
Sharma S, Gangopadhyay M, Austin E, Mandal KM. Development and Validation of a situational judgment test of Emotional Intelligence. International Journal of Selection and Assessment. 2013;21(1):57-73.
Van Rooy DL, Viswesvaran C, Pluta P. An evaluation of construct validity: What is this thing called emotional intelligence?. Human Performance. 2005;18:445–462.
Joseph DL, Newman DA. Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2010;95:54–78.
Davies M, Stankov L, Roberts RD. Emotional intelligence: In search of an elusive construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998;75:989–1015.
Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Hall LE, Haggerty DJ, Cooper JT, Golden CJ. Dornheim L. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences. 1998;25:167-177.
Dawda D, Hart SD. Assessing emotional intelligence: Reliability and validity of the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory EQ-i in university students. Personality and Individual Differences. 2000;28:797–812.
Newsome S, Day AL, Catano VM. Assessing the predictive validity of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences. 2000;29:1005–1016.
Brackett MA, Mayer JD. Convergent discriminant and incremental validity of competing measures of EI. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2003;29:1147–1158.
Daus CS, Ashkanasy NM. The case for the ability-based model of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2005;26(4):453-466.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1002/job.321
Law KS, Wong CS, Song LJ. The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2004;89:483–496.
Carroll JB. Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor analytic studies New York: Cambridge University Press. 1993.
Mayer JD, Caruso D, Salovey P. Selecting a measure of emotional intelligence: The case of ability scales In: Bar-On R, Parker JDA, editors. The handbook of emotional intelligence San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 2000;320-342.
Grubb WL III. The Emotional Side of a Situational Judgment Test Business Quest; 2005.
Accessed 13 May 2018.
Available:http://westgaedu/~bquest/2005/emotional
McDaniel MA, Nguyen NT. Situational judgment tests: A review of practice and constructs assessed. International Journal of Selection and Assessment. 2001;9:103-113.
Lievens F, Chan D. Practical intelligence emotional intelligence and social intelligence. In: Farr JL, Tippins NT, editors. Handbook of employee selection New York: Lawrence Erlbaum/Taylor Francis. 2010;339–360.
Clark AL, Watson D. Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment. 1995;7(3):309-319.
Deepa R, Panicker AS. A Phenomenological approach to understand the challenges faced by medical students. The Qualitative Report. 2016;21(3):584-602.
Cicchetti DV, Sparrow SA. Developing criteria for establishing interrater reliability of specific items: applications to assessment of adaptive behavior. Am J Ment Defic. 1981;86(2):127-37.
Briggs SR, Cheek JM. The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales. Journal of Personality. 1986;54:106-148.
Cortina JM. What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1983;78:98-104.
Green SB, Lizzitz RW, Mulaik SA. Limitations of coefficient alpha as an index of test unidimensionality. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1977;37:827-838.
Nunnally JC. Psychometric Theory. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1993.
Bollen KA. Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley; 1989.
DeVellis RF. Scale Development: Theory and applications. Applied Social Research Methods Series. Vol 26. Newbury Park: Sage; 1991.
Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement errors. Journal of Marketing Research. 1981;18(1):39-50.
Chin WW. The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling In: George A Marcoulides, editors. Modern Methods for Business Research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
Diamantopoulos A, Winklhofer HM. Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. Journal of Marketing Research. 2001;38(2):269-277.
Rossiter JR. The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing. 2002;19(4):305-355.
Ping RA. What is the “validity” of a latent variable interaction or quadratic?; 2005.
Accessed 26 May 2017.
Available:http://homeattnet/ ~rpingjr/validitydoc
Ursachi G, Horodnic AI, Zait A. How reliable are measuring scales? External factors with indirect influence on reliability estimators. Procedia Economic and Finance. 2015;20:679-686.
Ciarrochi J, Mayer JD. A Conversation on Can Self-Report Measures Contribute to the study of Emotional Intelligence?; 2006;
Accessed 29 March 2017.
Available:http://wwwunhedu/emotional_intelligence/
Bonanno GA, Colak DM, Keltner D, Shiota MN, Papa A, Noll JG, Putnam FW, Trickett PK. Context matters: The benefits and costs of expressing positive emotion among survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Emotion. 2007;7:824–837.
Cole PM, Michel MK, Teti LO. The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 1994;59:73–100.
Lievens F, Sackett PR. Situational judgment tests in high stakes settings: Issues and strategies with generating alternate forms. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2007;92:1043–1055.
Hopkins M, Deepa R. The impact of emotional intelligence on ethical judgment. Journal of Management Development; 2018.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-02-2018-0045
Goleman D. Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books; 1995.
Krishnaveni R, Deepa R. Adaptation of emotional intelligence to indian context. ITMnAch. 2010;4(1):14-28.
Farmer J, Mistry M, Winchester M, Kumar A. Emotional Intelligence for Doctors. Sushruta J Health Policy and Opin. 2020; 3(2).
Epub 24.02.2020
DOI: 10.38192/13.1.8.
Webb AR, Young RA, Baumer JG. Emotional intelligence and the ACGME competencies. Journal of Graduate Medical Education. 2010;508-512.
Codier E, Kooker BM, Shoultz J. Measuring the emotional intelligence of clinical staff nurses: An approach for improving the clinical care environment. NursAdm Q. 2008;32(1):8–14.
Kadadi S, Bharamanaiker S. Role of emotional intelligence in healthcare industry. Drishtikon A Management Journal. 2020;11(1):37.
Tandon P, Chauhan RK, Chaturvedi V. Impact of emotional intelligence on healthcare on healthcare providers. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology. 2019;10(01):667-676.
Arora S, Ashrafian H, Davis R, Athanasiou T, Darzi A, Sevdalis N. Emotional intelligence in medicine: a systematic review through the context of the ACGME competencies. Med Educ. 2010;44(8):749–764.
Satterfield J, Swenson S, Rabow M. Emotional Intelligence in Internal Medicine Residents: Educational Implications for Clinical Performance and Burnout. Ann BehavSci Med Educ. 2009;14(2):65–68.
Stratton TD, Elam CL, Murphy-Spencer AE, Quinlivan SL. Emotional Intelligence and Clinical Skills: Preliminary Results from a Comprehensive Clinical Performance Examination. Acad Med. 2005; 80(Suppl, 10):S34–S37.
Blue AV, Chessman AW, Gilbert GE, Mainous AG 3rd. Responding to patients' emotions: important for standardized patient satisfaction Fam Med. 2000;32(5):326–330.
Gordon J. An exploratory study of the role of emotion regulation and emotional intelligence in compassion satisfaction and fatigue among doctors and nurses. Ph.D. thesis. Lancaster University; 2020.
Available:https://doiorg/1017635/lancaster/thesis/1124
Tiwari S, Bhagat G. The role of emotional intelligence on health care professionals occupational stress and burnout. International Journal of Current Research and Review; 2020.
Available:http://dxdoiorg/1031782/IJCRR2020122437
Harper R. Maintaining our Focus: Patient centered care in a changing Healthcare Environment Straatsma Award Lecture; 2011.
Accessed 25 June 2017.
Available:http://wwwaupoorg/AM2012Slides/Richard%20Harper_Maintaining%20Our%20Focus_Patient-centered%20Care%20in%20a%20Changing%20Health%20Care%20Environmentpdf
Syed A. Medical Schools and Emotional Intelligence Screening. The York Scholar. 2011;81:1-9.
Lewis N, Rees C, Hudson N, Bleakley A. Emotional intelligence in medical education: Measuring the unmeasurable? Advances in Health Science Education Theory and Practice. 2005;10:339-355.
McMullen B. Career focus Emotional intelligence. British Medical Journal. 2003;326: suppl.
Cherry MG, Fletcher I, O’Sullivan H, Shaw N. What impact do structural education sessions to increase emotional intelligence have on medical students? BEM Guide No 17. 2012;34(1):11-9.
Shanwal VK. Emotional intelligence: The Indian scenario New Delhi: Indian Publishers Distributors; 2004.
Singh D. Emotional Intelligence at Work – A professional Guide. New Delhi: Response Books; 2006.
Krishnaveni R, Ranganath D. Development and validation of an instrument for measuring the emotional intelligence of individuals in the work environment - In the Indian context. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment. 2011;7(2):94-118.
Srivatsava K, Joshi S, Raichaudhari A, Ryali VSSR, Bhatt PS, Shashikumar R, Prakash J, Basannar D. Emotional intelligence scale for medical students. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 2011;20(1):39-44.
Wang N, Young T, Wilhite CS, Marczyk G. Assessing Students' Emotional Competence in Higher Education: Development and Validation of the Widener Emotional Learning Scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. 2010; 29(1): 47-62
Krishnaveni R, Deepa R. Emergence and developments in the field of emotional intelligence - With special reference to organizational context. BVIMR Management Edge. 2012;5(2):7-17.
Sharma S, Gangopadhyay M, Austin E, Mandal KM. Development and Validation of a situational judgment test of Emotional Intelligence. International Journal of Selection and Assessment. 2013;21(1):57-73.
Van Rooy DL, Viswesvaran C, Pluta P. An evaluation of construct validity: What is this thing called emotional intelligence?. Human Performance. 2005;18:445–462.
Joseph DL, Newman DA. Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2010;95:54–78.
Davies M, Stankov L, Roberts RD. Emotional intelligence: In search of an elusive construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998;75:989–1015.
Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Hall LE, Haggerty DJ, Cooper JT, Golden CJ. Dornheim L. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences. 1998;25:167-177.
Dawda D, Hart SD. Assessing emotional intelligence: Reliability and validity of the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory EQ-i in university students. Personality and Individual Differences. 2000;28:797–812.
Newsome S, Day AL, Catano VM. Assessing the predictive validity of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences. 2000;29:1005–1016.
Brackett MA, Mayer JD. Convergent discriminant and incremental validity of competing measures of EI. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2003;29:1147–1158.
Daus CS, Ashkanasy NM. The case for the ability-based model of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2005;26(4):453-466.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1002/job.321
Law KS, Wong CS, Song LJ. The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2004;89:483–496.
Carroll JB. Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor analytic studies New York: Cambridge University Press. 1993.
Mayer JD, Caruso D, Salovey P. Selecting a measure of emotional intelligence: The case of ability scales In: Bar-On R, Parker JDA, editors. The handbook of emotional intelligence San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 2000;320-342.
Grubb WL III. The Emotional Side of a Situational Judgment Test Business Quest; 2005.
Accessed 13 May 2018.
Available:http://westgaedu/~bquest/2005/emotional
McDaniel MA, Nguyen NT. Situational judgment tests: A review of practice and constructs assessed. International Journal of Selection and Assessment. 2001;9:103-113.
Lievens F, Chan D. Practical intelligence emotional intelligence and social intelligence. In: Farr JL, Tippins NT, editors. Handbook of employee selection New York: Lawrence Erlbaum/Taylor Francis. 2010;339–360.
Clark AL, Watson D. Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment. 1995;7(3):309-319.
Deepa R, Panicker AS. A Phenomenological approach to understand the challenges faced by medical students. The Qualitative Report. 2016;21(3):584-602.
Cicchetti DV, Sparrow SA. Developing criteria for establishing interrater reliability of specific items: applications to assessment of adaptive behavior. Am J Ment Defic. 1981;86(2):127-37.
Briggs SR, Cheek JM. The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales. Journal of Personality. 1986;54:106-148.
Cortina JM. What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1983;78:98-104.
Green SB, Lizzitz RW, Mulaik SA. Limitations of coefficient alpha as an index of test unidimensionality. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1977;37:827-838.
Nunnally JC. Psychometric Theory. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1993.
Bollen KA. Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley; 1989.
DeVellis RF. Scale Development: Theory and applications. Applied Social Research Methods Series. Vol 26. Newbury Park: Sage; 1991.
Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement errors. Journal of Marketing Research. 1981;18(1):39-50.
Chin WW. The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling In: George A Marcoulides, editors. Modern Methods for Business Research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
Diamantopoulos A, Winklhofer HM. Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. Journal of Marketing Research. 2001;38(2):269-277.
Rossiter JR. The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing. 2002;19(4):305-355.
Ping RA. What is the “validity” of a latent variable interaction or quadratic?; 2005.
Accessed 26 May 2017.
Available:http://homeattnet/ ~rpingjr/validitydoc
Ursachi G, Horodnic AI, Zait A. How reliable are measuring scales? External factors with indirect influence on reliability estimators. Procedia Economic and Finance. 2015;20:679-686.
Ciarrochi J, Mayer JD. A Conversation on Can Self-Report Measures Contribute to the study of Emotional Intelligence?; 2006;
Accessed 29 March 2017.
Available:http://wwwunhedu/emotional_intelligence/
Bonanno GA, Colak DM, Keltner D, Shiota MN, Papa A, Noll JG, Putnam FW, Trickett PK. Context matters: The benefits and costs of expressing positive emotion among survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Emotion. 2007;7:824–837.
Cole PM, Michel MK, Teti LO. The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 1994;59:73–100.
Lievens F, Sackett PR. Situational judgment tests in high stakes settings: Issues and strategies with generating alternate forms. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2007;92:1043–1055.
Hopkins M, Deepa R. The impact of emotional intelligence on ethical judgment. Journal of Management Development; 2018.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-02-2018-0045
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